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What is a SWOT Analysis?


SWOT Analysis

When practicing strategic decision making skills, there are a lot of factors to consider. It is easy to become overwhelmed by related circumstances, options, and data. A SWOT analysis, or SWOT matrix, is a decision-making framework for focusing on strategically important elements in this jumble. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. These four categories describe whether an aspect of the decision is negative or positive, and whether it is external or internal to the organization. A thorough SWOT analysis can be the backbone of sound strategic planning.


DEFINITION EXAMPLE
S Strengths
Qualities or assets within the organization which are beneficial
  • ”Operations in more than 40 countries.”
  • ”Development costs under $50k.”
  • ”Dried fruits and nuts are varied and of high quality.”
W Weaknesses
Qualities or liabilities within the organization which are detrimental
  • ”Recent recalls have damaged sales and brand equity.”
  • ”Update required every six months.”
  • ”Total lack of certification systems.”
O Opportunities
Actual or potential conditions which are to the organization's advantage
  • ”Rationalizing global retail network would reduce expenses.”
  • ”No known competitors.”
  • ”Largest raisin market, which commands .05% above average commodity prices.”
T Threats
Actual or potential conditions that negatively impact the organization
  • ”Higher minimum wages affect operating margins.”
  • ”Could be completely shut out by social networks, with no redress.”
  • ”Prospective location is lowest rank dried fruit & nut supplier country.”

These four categories can be arranged in a 2x2 matrix for easy contrasts. Notice the internal/external and positive/negative relationships between each cell in the SWOT analysis example below.


SWOT Analysis Example
SWOT Analysis Example

Create a Swot Analysis*

How to Make a SWOT Analysis

A good SWOT analysis starts with asking the right questions. Below is a template to get you started on your own SWOT analysis. As you complete it, try asking yourself the following questions, and visualize the most salient answer to each in the appropriate cell. Feel free to brainstorm as much as you can, but try to focus on four or five items for each quadrant. Also, stay specific and concrete, avoiding vague statements. For example:

  • Avoid: We have lots of experience.

  • Instead use: We have manufactured and shipped widgets domestically for 10 years.

    • Strengths

    (Positive, Internal)

    • What tangible assets (credit, capital, etc.) can be brought to bear in this situation?
    • What intangible assets (knowledge, networks, reputation, etc.) will help us?
    • What is it about our organization that will make this plan work?
    • What are we good at?
    • How are we better than the competition?

    Weaknesses

    (Negative, Internal)

    • What are the liabilities (debts, poor location, disorganization, etc.) that might impede this effort?
    • What assets are missing (expertise, access to technology, skills, etc.) to make this successful?
    • If something within the organization caused this to fail, what would that be?
    • Where does the organization need improvement?
    • How is the competition superior?

    Opportunities

    (Positive, External)

    • What market conditions benefit us?
    • What has recently changed in the world to make this easier?
    • What trends are cause for optimism?
    • Who are potential allies?
    • What environmental factors (regulation, technology, demand, etc.) make the organization robust?

    Threats

    (Negative, External)

    • Who is the competition?
    • What are the largest obstacles in the way?
    • If something currently existing outside the company causes this to fail, what would that be?
    • If something outside the company changed to cause failure, what might that be?
    • What would make this idea obsolete?
    SWOT Template
    SWOT Template

    Create a Swot Analysis*


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    Further Reading

    SWOT analysis was popularized by Albert Humphrey in the 1960s. Since the, many applications and variations have sprung up. Michael Porter’s “Five Forces” from Competitive Strategy and PEST analysis can help explore environmental factors that might compose Opportunities or Threats.

    Heinz Weihrich reversed the order of analysis into a TOWS matrix as a way to efficiently implement strategies analyzed by SWOT. In a TOWS analysis, the SWOT elements are paired to reveal ways that strengths can exploit opportunities and minimize threats, while weaknesses can be identified to avoid pitfalls and leverage opportunities to compensate for them.

    The roots of SWOT analysis can arguably be traced as far back as Sun Tzu’s Art of War, especially in his declaration: “If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.” Sun Tzu is exhorting leaders to know not only their own strengths and weaknesses, but also opportunities and threats presented by the enemy, the weather (the heavens), and terrain (the earth).




    How Tos about SWOT Analysis

    1

    Engage students with a SWOT analysis activity for the classroom

    Introduce the concept by sharing relatable examples students encounter in school, such as planning a class project or choosing a school club. Connecting SWOT analysis to familiar situations helps students grasp its usefulness.

    2

    Guide students to brainstorm strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

    Ask students thoughtful questions to spark ideas for each SWOT quadrant. Encourage them to think about what their group does well, where they struggle, outside chances for success, and possible obstacles.

    3

    Organize ideas visually in a 2x2 SWOT matrix

    Draw a simple grid on the board or hand out printable templates. Have students sort their brainstormed ideas into each cell, making it easy to compare and discuss.

    4

    Facilitate group discussion to deepen understanding

    Encourage students to explain their choices for each quadrant and respectfully challenge or support their peers' ideas. This builds critical thinking and teamwork skills.

    5

    Connect findings to actionable class goals

    Help students use their completed SWOT analysis to set specific goals or strategies for their project or activity. Show how their insights guide next steps for improvement and success.

    Frequently Asked Questions about SWOT Analysis

    What is a SWOT analysis and how does it help in decision making?

    A SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that helps organizations identify their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. By organizing these factors, it simplifies complex decisions and guides effective strategies.

    How do I create a simple SWOT analysis for my classroom or project?

    To make a basic SWOT analysis, list key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a 2x2 matrix. Focus on specific items for each quadrant, using clear and concrete examples relevant to your project.

    What are some examples of strengths and weaknesses in a SWOT analysis?

    Examples of strengths include high-quality products, wide reach, or skilled staff. Weaknesses might be outdated technology, lack of certifications, or recent negative publicity. Tailor these to your own situation for best results.

    What is the difference between SWOT and TOWS analysis?

    SWOT analysis helps you identify key factors; TOWS analysis reverses the order to pair strengths with opportunities and weaknesses with threats, making it easier to develop actionable strategies from your findings.

    Why is it important to be specific and concrete in a SWOT analysis?

    Being specific and concrete ensures your SWOT analysis is actionable and relevant. Vague statements can lead to unclear strategies, while detailed examples help teams quickly understand priorities and make informed decisions.

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